Experimental work on networks supplied through pressure reducing valves (PRVs) has demonstrated that, in certain conditions, undesirable phenomena such as sustained or slowly decaying oscillation and large pressure overshoot can occur. The behavior of transients in water pipe networks is well understood but the influence of modulating control valves on this behavior is less well known. Because these subproblems are independent of each other, they can be solved in parallel. This results in the formulation of an optimization problem for each time step, which is solved by means of sequential quadratic programming. Finally, the problem of leakage minimization using pressure reducing valves is approached. The application of parallel computing is based on dividing the water network in several parts using the multilevel recursive bisection graph partitioning algorithm. Second, the water quality simulation problem is approached by using the discrete volume element method. The key point in the parallelization of the method is the solution of the underlying linear systems, which is carried out by means of a multifrontal Choleski method. First, the solution of the hydraulic problem is treated by means of the gradient method. This demonstrator, based on the EPANET package, tackles three different types of problems making use of parallel computing. #Aquai drupal software#In this paper a parallel computing based software demonstrator for the simulation and leakage minimization of water networks is presented. In all cases, the percentage increase in energy cost is greater than percentage leakage when the same pressure requirements are met. To further test key relationships, a representative network is briefly considered. Thoughtful consideration of the latter can be instrumental in achieving operation that balances financial and energy conservation objectives. The results, though system specific, suggest that the importance of leaks in a system with storage depends on a number of factors, especially the relative locations of system components and the pumping strategy. Storage in a system does not guarantee lower energy use relative to direct pumping, and in some cases it may promote higher leakage due to elevated system pressures. Leaks increase operating costs in terms of lost water and extra energy consumption for all systems, and when a price pattern is implemented, the financial cost of energy can sometimes be traded off with actual energy consumption. EPANET 2 simulations are used to determine system pressures, storage tank levels, energy costs, power consumption, and leakage volumes for all scenarios at five levels of leakage. Additionally, two friction regimes are subsumed in the analysis. Consideration of how leakage is experienced at the pump is followed by an analysis of how different leakage levels alter energy costs for a rudimentary system with three topological configurations: two with a storage tank located at different points, and one without storage. A conceptual examination of the energy impact of leaks in systems with storage is undertaken.
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